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====== X-ray Diffraction Microscopy ======

//Lensless Microscopy using Coherent X-rays//

X-rays has a short wavelength of ~0.1 nm, and thus can overcome the resolution limitation ~200 nm in conventional optical microscopy. In addition, X-ray has a high penetration power, and thus allows us to observe structures deep inside an object, which are difficult to access with electron microscopy. However, since x-rays can transmit even a thick human body, it passes through micrometer-sized cells with little interaction. As it is difficult to observe air with our eyes, ingenuity is required to observe "transparent" cells.

Coherent x-rays with a beautiful wave pattern plays an important role in observing transparent objects, and is available at advanced synchrotron radiation facilities, such as SPring-8.


<tab>{{:en:research:xdm_schematic_xs_color_e_0.png|Schematic of X-ray Diffraction Microscopy}}

<tab>**Fig.　Observation of Human Mitotic Chromosome in 2D & 3D by X-ray Diffraction Microscopy**

===== References =====

  - **Three-Dimensional Visualization of a Human Chromosome Using Coherent X-Ray Diffraction**\\ __Yoshinori Nishino__, Yukio Takahashi, Naoko Imamoto, Tetsuya Ishikawa, and Kazuhiro Maeshima\\ [[http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.018101|Physical Review Letters 102, 018101 (2009)]].\\ <color red>World's first 3D bioimaging by x-ray diffraction microscopy</color>
  - **Imaging Whole Escherichia Coli Bacteria by Using Single-Particle X-Ray Diffraction**\\ Jianwei Miao, Keith O. Hodgson, Tetsuya Ishikawa, Carolyn A. Larabell, Mark A. LeGros, and __Yoshinori Nishino__\\ [[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/1/110|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 110-112 (2003)]].\\ <color red>World's first 2D bioimaging by x-ray diffraction microscopy</color>